Edic. 76. HISTORY OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA (I)
HISTORY OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
Monday, June 5, 2006
What Does It Mean When A Hct Is 20
For Mr. Luis Acosta Brehal
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Foundation of Santiago de Cuba. Its economic and social evolution. (1515-1836).
Foundation of Santiago de Cuba. Its economic and social evolution. (1515-1836).
Foundation-town villa. Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar .
L a foundation of Santiago de Cuba was towards the end of the English conquest of the island of Cuba. Diego Columbus, viceroy of Spain in America and settled in the English entrusted the management of that company to Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, with the rank of Lieutenant-Governor, and under the authority of the Viceroy.
During the conquest, Velázquez founded the first seven English cities in Cuba with the rank of villas, the last of which was Santiago de Cuba, in late July 1515, gives us the precision ratio Velázquez letter to the King, dated the same village the first of August of 1515, which relates that having visited this port found it convenient for navigation on land already conquered and places that began the conquest, and furthermore, found a suitable site for the location of new people, which would establish the House of Trade, and all agreed that being left to the town of Bayamo, Santiago returning to port after 21 May of that year.
letter adds: "That devotion to VA gave the name to that port of Santiago, and because she has to make the house recruitment, they believe that is the main town, and that therefore there is no need to do a strength [...]. "(1)
Given the name it was decided to the town, presumably, and so accepted that it was founded on July 25, 1515, the day they are made celebrations in honor of Santiago Apostle, patron saint of Spain warrior.
Knowing the habits of the English of the time, the military character conquest, and the interest in the bay and navigation, is understandable why they selected the high and dry area with good visibility to the bay where the new town was built, and that is another (and surrounding areas) than the current or Park Plaza de Cespedes. English stay in the native village near the mouth of the river stop, if any, should not be estimated more than a temporary stay to take advantage of its facilities, while building the new town.
In founding this town, destined to be seat of government in Cuba, Diego Velázquez proceeded to organize and populate, for which he brought in various conquerors, settlers other towns like Baracoa and Bayamo, and structured the administration of the council appointing four of its first chapter, and other officials. The main title was awarded to Hernan Cortes Monroy, who was appointed as mayor.
Velázquez
addition, the town settled in other major English colonial government officials in Cuba: the royal officials, responsible for bringing the issues of the Real Estate who conquered also called House of Trade. These officers reported directly to the King, and its functions were the monitor and report on the performance of Velázquez.
addition, the town settled in other major English colonial government officials in Cuba: the royal officials, responsible for bringing the issues of the Real Estate who conquered also called House of Trade. These officers reported directly to the King, and its functions were the monitor and report on the performance of Velázquez.
In the apparatus government of the Island occupied a position of privilege the Church. In each village the parish priest was distinguished as a very important personality with a great political and ideological influence. Velazquez in Cuba called for the creation of a bishopric, which was granted in 1516 and ordered that the same root in Baracoa, a town whose parish church was elevated to Cathedral, with the name of Our Lady of the Assumption. On April 28, 1522 a bull of Pope Alexander VI, he moved the bishopric and the cathedral, which kept the name, the town of Santiago de Cuba. (2) Since 1516 was appointed bishop of Cuba to Fray Juan de White, which was followed by others. However, the first came to occupy his diocese was Fray Miguel Ramírez de Salamanca in 1527.
The administrative organization of the colony an important body was the Board of Procurators, comprising one representative from each village attorney, and met once a year in Santiago de Cuba to study the needs of each, and the island and make the appropriate requests to the crown.
An important role in life and government of the colony had the Royal Treasury, whose royal officials were responsible for collecting taxes, to carry out and monitor the smelting of gold, control the entry and departure of ships and goods, etc. . Among the various taxes administered stands the so-called royal fifth (20%) of gold obtained annually in the island All his work was for the benefit of the crown.
Other important taxes were the Tithe (10%) and La Rueda and La Pesa. The first was charged by the church for its benefit, the second charged to all owners of land and livestock, was that each should give you pray for the supply of meat to the population, a figure that every year fixed the council. The proceeds from the sale of such meat swelled council funds.
Diego Velázquez from his post as Lieutenant Governor, had the responsibility not only to lead the conquest, colonization but also the territory and its exploitation for the benefit of the settlers and the English crown. He had to comply with and enforce the provisions relating to justice, economics, military security, and government, emanating from the Viceroy Diego Colon, who was subordinate, and the King. However, struggled to escape the colonial authority and deal directly with the King, to strengthen their position and power, and be better able to carry out its ambitious plans to conquer new territories. The King for his part, allowed certain excesses in their roles, accepted as good and gave him the title of Head in 1518, which the monarch remained able to also ambitious viceroy D. Columbus.
Economy of the city and its territory in the early years .
The town of Santiago de Cuba to the rank of city to move it the bishop's palace and the cathedral in 1522, rested her early life and prosperity in the only exportable good value available to the Island in those years the gold. Nearby conquerors do not seem to find significant amounts of metal, however, as was the seat of government and of the Royal Treasury, here was the main cast, there was another in Bayamo, and all the gold they had collected had come to Santiago to melt, weigh and pay taxes. This meant that the city was relatively large circulation of gold metal.
Another source of true wealth was trade, and for the same reasons that ships goods were required to reach this port, allowing the wealthiest of the city to acquire goods and then re-exported to other towns, or other colonies, such as the nearby Santo Domingo, brokers condition gave significant gains.
Cassava, produced by the method of the aborigines, was employed in the trade as a substitute for bread. For the advantages of its low weight and volume, and its ability to be kept for many months, was very appreciated by seamen in his long travels.
Gold production had its most prosperous period in the decades of 1520 and 1530, reaching a total of about three million pesos (3).
economic significance of relevant centuries later, was the discovery of deposits copper at about 1530, called Cerro de Cardenalillo or Cardenillo-Copper-ore in 1534 began to exploit slave labor force the goldsmith Luis Espinoza. The company failed leaving the slaves on the spot and practically free (4).
. Almost all production
rested on the forced labor of the native, who without But according to the Laws of Burgos of 1512 was free. But as the spirit of the conquerors was not working but getting a fast fortune, Velázquez since the beginning of the conquest conquerors distributed to Aboriginal groups to work to serve them, which were used primarily in the gold mines.
rested on the forced labor of the native, who without But according to the Laws of Burgos of 1512 was free. But as the spirit of the conquerors was not working but getting a fast fortune, Velázquez since the beginning of the conquest conquerors distributed to Aboriginal groups to work to serve them, which were used primarily in the gold mines.
This forced labor was inconsistent with the status of freeman of the Indian, which was legally settled in 1522 when the crown established a system or regime of the parcel. (5) As required by the Crown, the Indians gave settlers for a time, in order to be evangelized without being abused, and in turn, should work for the master or English settler.
Velázquez was in charge of distributing the Indians entrusted and to ensure that met the requirements established by punishing the encomendero that did not meet their obligations. The temporary nature of the task, the desire for rapid enrichment, and the ever present danger that the powerful Velázquez withdraw the parcel, urged the settlers to seek the Indians entrusted the maximum benefit in the shortest possible time, basis of a super-exploitation of this labor in appalling living conditions, (6) leading to a double result: the rapid decline in the number of Indians to high mortality and low birth-, and rebellion expressed in individual or collective suicide and the hoist or runaway slaves.
This indigenous rebellion lasted several decades and regions of Cuba. Aboriginal belligerence was also presented at the mountain near Santiago de Cuba, causing some damage and some uneasiness especially between 1540 and 1550, a situation which was not isolated Aboriginal migration from the English, particularly in the case of the famous chief Hatuey .
The rapid decline of the Indian as a labor force prompted a search for a solution, which was found in the use of slaves, especially from 1540, but even before the island had slaves The first arrived around 1515 from the English, and included slaves, whites, especially white women. In 1521 the King approved the entry of 1000 slaves, and many others in 1526 by Royal Decree of June 20 of that year, all of which must have come through the port of Santiago de Cuba. (7)
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This city founded around what is now the Parque Cespedes, enjoyed an initial surge based on situations that were favorable, and that meant that its population was large in the conditions of the island, apparently about 2 000 inhabitants 1524. She and her business, legal and illegal, was for this reason, from a few years later, a target of pirates that were already present in the American seas, danger is reflected in the freight rate per ton of goods brought from Spain to Santiago and was 3 850 farthings. (8)
This city founded around what is now the Parque Cespedes, enjoyed an initial surge based on situations that were favorable, and that meant that its population was large in the conditions of the island, apparently about 2 000 inhabitants 1524. She and her business, legal and illegal, was for this reason, from a few years later, a target of pirates that were already present in the American seas, danger is reflected in the freight rate per ton of goods brought from Spain to Santiago and was 3 850 farthings. (8)
In the early days the names of the streets that were or bordered the Plaza de Armas were: Head Street, St Thomas Street, the Cathedral, "Heredia, Calle de la Marina, - Aguilera-and Cabildo Street, San Pedro.
economic situation and population of the town or city, served as a basis for D. Velázquez also to fund-using his personal fortune, plans for conquest of territories on the continent, about which there were rumors about fabulous wealth. It is well organized on three voyages of discovery, the latter of which commanded by Juan de Grijalva, returned with the news of having found much gold in the Gulf of Mexico (9). Velázquez then organized a powerful new delivery charge the conquest of this rich territory, which left Santiago de Cuba on November 18, 1518 under the command of Hernán Cortés M., who got to get quick successes and enormous wealth, but ignored the subordination owed Velázquez, and be understood directly with the King, sending tremendous treasures.
. Despite protests
Velazquez King gave his support to more wealth gave him, and on the other hand, the issue of 1 100 men and 18 vessels Velázquez dispatch from Santiago, led by Panfilo de Narvaez to subdue and arrest Cortés failed when most of the men joined the conqueror of Mexico. (10) all resulted in Diego Velázquez did not get his most extensive plan, which was not given the power and wealth they expected, and since then its prestige and power on the island declined, until his death in Santiago de Cuba in 1524.
Velazquez King gave his support to more wealth gave him, and on the other hand, the issue of 1 100 men and 18 vessels Velázquez dispatch from Santiago, led by Panfilo de Narvaez to subdue and arrest Cortés failed when most of the men joined the conqueror of Mexico. (10) all resulted in Diego Velázquez did not get his most extensive plan, which was not given the power and wealth they expected, and since then its prestige and power on the island declined, until his death in Santiago de Cuba in 1524.
Distribution and use of land. Decline of the city subsistence economy and trade.
Since the beginning of the conquest and colonization-Velázquez proceeded without authority to do so because it was for the King "to distribute land among the conquerors, according to standards established by the Crown for these grants. These grants were of two types: peonies and horses. The first were delivered to people of less importance, and the horses-double peonies, the most important, although both were actually rather small plots devoted to crops and livestock. Mercedes Velázquez lands were confirmed by the King, and of course the Head favored his intimate with large amounts land. However, the most sparsely populated land was not grants, and became like the King or royal lands for common use by the settlers. In fact the whole earth was of the King, as the grants were only given in usufruct. On the death of Velazquez's authority to issue grants went to the council of each territory, which gave these institutions a special power within the governance structure of the island, and therefore the patricians of each locality for their capacity as seized their different charges and land automercedaban.
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By the 1540's began to be given other types of grants and corrals herds calls. This was coincident with the decline and subsequent depletion of gold production. As required by Spain pens were an extension of a mile radius, and two herds. In both cases were granted for raising cattle. In Santiago, the topography, the low population and abundant land, usually circular did not, were of greater extent than the established and its boundaries were vaguely defined. For the type of production they did, the peonies and horses were generally close to the city, and at some distance and corrals herds.
By the 1540's began to be given other types of grants and corrals herds calls. This was coincident with the decline and subsequent depletion of gold production. As required by Spain pens were an extension of a mile radius, and two herds. In both cases were granted for raising cattle. In Santiago, the topography, the low population and abundant land, usually circular did not, were of greater extent than the established and its boundaries were vaguely defined. For the type of production they did, the peonies and horses were generally close to the city, and at some distance and corrals herds.
With the exhaustion of gold was necessarily a change in attitude towards land. Possess since it was just a matter of nobility, but also the essential need to maintain or achieve wealth, mainly by livestock, almost the only productive line with export value left in the island, and also required very little expense money. To have won enough to seize a greater or lesser number of wild cattle that was plentiful, mark it and then let it graze freely. This ranching required little labor herds and settled permanently in pens, so that the colonization of the inland or further away from the people, was very slow and low population density. Production fundamental were obtained from cattle hides and some small amounts of fat and salt meat. Most of the meat was lost in the fields. Since the mid-sixteenth century and throughout the century, this was the fundamental production of land near Santiago de Cuba, but not only, as they also produced and exported timber, and copper was mined by time. The sugar industry was in the seventeenth century some small results.
Livestock was not high value and therefore the initial boom in the city of Santiago de Cuba was eclipsed from the crisis in the production of gold, which joined other events that began a long period the decline of the city, which were:
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The discovery in the 40's of the advantages of shipping through the Canal of the northern Bahamas-Cuba-which brought to Santiago from the usual route of ships coming and going to Spain.
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The establishment in 1561 Fleet Management System.
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The establishment in 1561 Fleet Management System.
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The crisis of the encomienda system by reducing the number of Aboriginal and Law 35 of the New Laws, which in 1542 abolished this system (11).
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The rapid depopulation of the city, whose inhabitants moved to the prosperous town of Havana, to the rich colonies of the continent, and even Bayamo, more protected from attacks by corsairs and pirates.
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Santiago, although it was still the official seat of government of the island, its population was greatly reduced. In 1532 was about five thousand people of which about 1 000 were neighbors, ie those living permanently in the city, had their own house, and therefore enjoyed political rights ", and this was reduced to 250 souls in 1620, while Bayamo, located inland had 1 500 inhabitants (12).
Santiago, although it was still the official seat of government of the island, its population was greatly reduced. In 1532 was about five thousand people of which about 1 000 were neighbors, ie those living permanently in the city, had their own house, and therefore enjoyed political rights ", and this was reduced to 250 souls in 1620, while Bayamo, located inland had 1 500 inhabitants (12).
In this long decline, the city and its immediate territory sank until well into the eighteenth century described as an economic system of subsistence economy Consumptive , where production was mainly devoted to domestic consumption and economic reproduction of a limited and scarce foreign trade projection, given not only by the limited domestic production and lack of capital, but also by the negative influence of the English commercial monopoly exercised through the House of Trade in Seville, and the abusive tax scheme.
Moreover, the establishment of the system meant that the export Fleet Santiago had to be made by sending their goods to port of Havana, or by ships of the fleet that are directed to the port of Santiago. All this conspired against this city, as merchants Havana recently bought cheap and sold at very high prices. In addition, the ships of the fleet for Santiago-called log ships or vessels, were only one or two a year and brought a few, poor and expensive goods, buying low and cheap. On the other hand, war in Europe moved its shares to the Caribbean Sea, changed the system of fleets and made navigation very dangerous business, so it was often not received in the port registry ships, even years.
The lack of a legal trade via large, acted as a brake on economic growth in the immediate area to Santiago de Cuba, which had since the mid-sixteenth century to the late seventeenth century as pillars to livestock, mining of copper, sugar, and snuff.
livestock in recent years maintained its characteristics. Copper mining continued intermittently during the sixteenth century, extracting ore bound for Havana and Spain. This production yielded good profits, but as there was continuous, and performed on behalf of their state or individuals who obtained the grant of its production, is that their benefits in the best was in very few hands and their effects on the general state of the economy was weak.
. In early
seventeenth century, after a period of official inactivity, the English government commissioned Captain Francisco Sanchez de Moya, "then-governor of the area to organize the production of copper, which was restarted but not for long. In 1617 the King formally owner of these mines of Santiago del Prado and El Cobre, Juan de Eguiluz granted the right to restart production with the use of up to 200 slaves, having his own boat to transport the necessary supplies and selling on your own up to 200 pounds of copper per year in the English territories. In exchange for this, Eguiluz was to deliver 2 000 quintals of copper annually to the cannon foundry in Havana.
seventeenth century, after a period of official inactivity, the English government commissioned Captain Francisco Sanchez de Moya, "then-governor of the area to organize the production of copper, which was restarted but not for long. In 1617 the King formally owner of these mines of Santiago del Prado and El Cobre, Juan de Eguiluz granted the right to restart production with the use of up to 200 slaves, having his own boat to transport the necessary supplies and selling on your own up to 200 pounds of copper per year in the English territories. In exchange for this, Eguiluz was to deliver 2 000 quintals of copper annually to the cannon foundry in Havana.
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Until his death in 1630, Eguiluz violated its commitments, misled the state, sold on their own more than stated, and used his boat to smuggle. His daughters and heirs continued the business and deceit, until in 1637 he was appointed administrator of the mines Albarracin Pedro de Lugo, who found that they had defrauded the state figure of 50 thousand dollars. (13) was two years
until production stopped in 1639 the son of Eguiluz, Captain Francisco Salazar Acuña, took over the management of the mine had 269 slaves, under obligation to pay what is owed by his family to the state. He did not, and instead, kept the fraud until April of 1663 when Judge Antonio Ruiz de Matienzo submitted it to the impeachment trial and was imprisoned. Since then the mine was abandoned and slaves that became property of the Royal Treasury, were in place as on previous occasions, dedicated to small crops on land leased from Barajagua herd, and the illegal extraction of small amounts of mineral selling contraband, "it is assumed that residents preferred to Jamaica and the English-, ie practically free. (14)
Until his death in 1630, Eguiluz violated its commitments, misled the state, sold on their own more than stated, and used his boat to smuggle. His daughters and heirs continued the business and deceit, until in 1637 he was appointed administrator of the mines Albarracin Pedro de Lugo, who found that they had defrauded the state figure of 50 thousand dollars. (13) was two years
until production stopped in 1639 the son of Eguiluz, Captain Francisco Salazar Acuña, took over the management of the mine had 269 slaves, under obligation to pay what is owed by his family to the state. He did not, and instead, kept the fraud until April of 1663 when Judge Antonio Ruiz de Matienzo submitted it to the impeachment trial and was imprisoned. Since then the mine was abandoned and slaves that became property of the Royal Treasury, were in place as on previous occasions, dedicated to small crops on land leased from Barajagua herd, and the illegal extraction of small amounts of mineral selling contraband, "it is assumed that residents preferred to Jamaica and the English-, ie practically free. (14)
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For its part, the sugar industry that existed around the city, could a product of poor quality and concentration of sugar in small mills primarily producing scratches. Production increased slowly based on the labor of slaves who had a small quantity each mill. In the early seventeenth century (1606), the dismantling of the region Gonaibes in the English, ordered by King as punishment for the vast smuggling of its inhabitants, led to an unknown number of these, pass to settle in the area Santiago, which meant not only an important contribution to population, but slightly promoted the growth of the sugar industry it had better experiences and expertise in production, improving the end product.
For its part, the sugar industry that existed around the city, could a product of poor quality and concentration of sugar in small mills primarily producing scratches. Production increased slowly based on the labor of slaves who had a small quantity each mill. In the early seventeenth century (1606), the dismantling of the region Gonaibes in the English, ordered by King as punishment for the vast smuggling of its inhabitants, led to an unknown number of these, pass to settle in the area Santiago, which meant not only an important contribution to population, but slightly promoted the growth of the sugar industry it had better experiences and expertise in production, improving the end product.
A report by the territorial governor Juan de Navia Castrillón to the King in 1617 said that in Cuba, and was called the territory more or less close to Santiago de Cuba, were 27 sugar mills and sugar mills which together with those of Bayamo were 11 - design 28 000 pounds of sugar and lots of honey. (15) This figure seems exaggerated.
snuff became the late seventeenth century, a major production that Santiago had its main significance in the fact that it was for the port through which exported most of what occurred in the eastern territory, as production itself, seems to have been important in areas surrounding the city. But the snuff was the mighty good earnings City acting as intermediaries.
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Small and medium farmers established on land leased or unappropriated lands, were the producers of the leaf. The cultivation and production spread systematically, for a foreign market dissatisfaction with the continued increase in consumption, which resulted in good prices. It is characteristic of production in the eastern use of slave labor force, indicating that producers have the capacity can afford.
Small and medium farmers established on land leased or unappropriated lands, were the producers of the leaf. The cultivation and production spread systematically, for a foreign market dissatisfaction with the continued increase in consumption, which resulted in good prices. It is characteristic of production in the eastern use of slave labor force, indicating that producers have the capacity can afford.
As suggested earlier, the English economic policy not only slows the growth of production but also resulted to a continuous shortage of resources needed for production, or for the daily needs of the population. The legal trade with the ships of the fleet, the port of Havana, and besides, he was allowed to Santiago with mainland ports and the Caribbean as Santa Marta, Cartagena, Jamaica, English, Gulf of Honduras, and Campeche, and that was tax free but limited in number since 1586, was not enough. So from very early colonial times the people of Santiago and its surroundings used extensively contraband trade or rescue; directly with smugglers from other colonies, nations and ports, or accompanying legal trade.
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Trade contraband was closely linked to pirates, who always capable of performing the illegal trade that gave them good profits. Involved in smuggling everyone from the ordinary citizen to government officials, military and church, and performed by different parts of the coast near Santiago, and even in the port city. By
smuggling exported hides, salted meat, fat, sugar, copper and snuff, and was getting fabrics and clothing, shoes, tools, food, slaves, etc.. with the advantage that they were better quality products and good profits to be obtained. But not this risky business could encourage rapid growth economic.
Trade contraband was closely linked to pirates, who always capable of performing the illegal trade that gave them good profits. Involved in smuggling everyone from the ordinary citizen to government officials, military and church, and performed by different parts of the coast near Santiago, and even in the port city. By
smuggling exported hides, salted meat, fat, sugar, copper and snuff, and was getting fabrics and clothing, shoes, tools, food, slaves, etc.. with the advantage that they were better quality products and good profits to be obtained. But not this risky business could encourage rapid growth economic.
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In an economy like this, subsistence, extensive, and low population, the domestic market was small, to which was added during the XVI and XVII was chronic lack of small coins, typical for commercial retail.
In an economy like this, subsistence, extensive, and low population, the domestic market was small, to which was added during the XVI and XVII was chronic lack of small coins, typical for commercial retail.
In these centuries the slave labor was important in the production, particularly in copper mining, the sugar industry, and domestic services and port. The extensive nature of the agricultural economy and backward, that slave labor was poorly organized and that the degree of exploitation not so intense, so that their productivity was scarce and costly maintenance. Therefore, on many occasions the oligarchy hater gave plots of land to their slaves, to cultivate and will seek their livelihood and even to sell on the market. This relative mildness of the regime of slavery, has led to the scheme in this area is known as patriarchal, and it was often through various means a growing number of individual slaves gained their freedom, often being established on land leased from the former master, with whom he had relations of personal dependence, as also happened to free peasants who rented land. There was also the flight of slaves called Maroons, " that runaways in remote areas.
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Because of this continuous replacement was needed for the production of slaves, which was difficult for the system established by Spain for the supply of these, consisting of selling by seat-contracts, "the trade by individuals or companies, which rarely sold slaves in this place to the detriment of the oligarchy hater Santiago, basing his hopes for economic improvement in obtaining abundant and cheap slaves. While calling on the Crown to order the sale of slaves in this square, the problem was solved by smuggling.
Because of this continuous replacement was needed for the production of slaves, which was difficult for the system established by Spain for the supply of these, consisting of selling by seat-contracts, "the trade by individuals or companies, which rarely sold slaves in this place to the detriment of the oligarchy hater Santiago, basing his hopes for economic improvement in obtaining abundant and cheap slaves. While calling on the Crown to order the sale of slaves in this square, the problem was solved by smuggling.
In these centuries, some facts or circumstances helped to maintain the slow growth of production and trade. Gonaibes dismantling was the first one. A mid-seventeenth century, between 1654 and 1659 were two of importance: the obstruction of navigation on the river Cauto, and the conquest of Jamaica in England. By stopping the navigation on the Cauto, the extensive trade of smuggling of Bayamo was reduced, and this benefited the people of Santiago as part of the same was to be held here.
The loss of the colony of Jamaica from 1655 to the hands of a powerful British naval and land forces, was particularly beneficial to Santiago de Cuba. The fact was part of one of the ongoing wars in which Spain was involved, this time against England, which pirates seized from Santiago to jump into the sea, bringing to Santiago as they could snatch the enemies of the English metropolis, and supporting the English settlers who resisted the invasion Jamaica English resistance was finally overcome, so many of these settlers were forced to emigrate and settled in this city and its surroundings, increasing its population and workforce.
But the main benefits in the short and medium term are produced economically. In a short time in Jamaica the British encouraged a plantation economy with the use of large numbers of slaves, which demanded huge amounts of supplies as increased smuggling of hides, meat, live animals and dead, copper, food, etc..
Another war between England, Holland and Spain against France ended in 1697 with the Peace of Ryswick peace that Santiago gave two important facts: the signatories agreed to the joint fight against piratical society of the Brothers of the Coast, so Piracy declined greatly. In addition, France was mistress of the western part of the English, where in a few years encouraged its rich colony of Haiti, a new market for trade and smuggling of Santiago de Cuba, creating an active triangle Trade between James, Jamaica, and Haiti (16).
The government in the territory, the division into departments. Main governors.
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the death of D. Velázquez Santiago in 1524 the council appointed as acting governor first Mayor Manuel de Rojas, rich encomendero of Santiago and Bayamo. Disapproved by the Viceroy D. Colon, this appointed in 1525 to another rich encomendero: Gonzalo de Guzman. With brief interruptions Guzmán ruled until 1537.
the death of D. Velázquez Santiago in 1524 the council appointed as acting governor first Mayor Manuel de Rojas, rich encomendero of Santiago and Bayamo. Disapproved by the Viceroy D. Colon, this appointed in 1525 to another rich encomendero: Gonzalo de Guzman. With brief interruptions Guzmán ruled until 1537.
Indian uprisings occurred in recent years were used to cover up alleged low production of gold in the Treasury actually real fraud they were involved the council, officials, royal officials, etc. For these frauds was also used as a justification of the actual suicide epidemics and the Indian "by eating a lot of land" (17).
Thus began a close partnership between the local oligarchy that controlled the powerful council, the governors, the Church, and government officials, defending their individual interests and group power. This unit is said was in danger if any of the prerogatives and privileges common, or when they wanted to obtain such aspirations. Among other examples, this partnership was evident in the so-called trial of residence, during which usually each other were protected, since the discovery of a fraud involving others safely. (18)
Simultaneously, there was a sharp conflict between these characters into the bid to obtain more wealth and power, steal more, to accumulate more land, etc.. There was also strong and very acidic opportunities, the struggle between the established powers, the Governor, the council, the bishop, the cathedral chapter, and royal officials. So did the subordinate authorities of the various territories.
these problems in life-long colonial history of Santiago de Cuba, was involved Gonzalo de Guzman, who also faced without a solution, the problem of the lack of defenses of the city, threatened and attacked by pirates, which led to the depopulation of the same.
Attacks of this kind were among others, the entry of a French ship in the port where a English engagement in May 1538, or the taking of the city for 36 days in 1554 by about 200 French, who retired with booty 50 000 ducats, although in 1550 or something after he had finished building a bulwark gunship which today is called the Balcony of Velazquez (19).
Prior
other defensive efforts were made, but it seems that was the first defensive structure built, and the initiative was the Adelantado Hernando de Soto, who arrived in Santiago de Cuba appointed as governor of the island, and in charge of winning Florida. For this company, in which he lost his life, "brought from Spain a strong expedition that completed here in men and various resources, completion which caused serious damage to the city, already in decline, was the issue from more impoverished and depopulated.
other defensive efforts were made, but it seems that was the first defensive structure built, and the initiative was the Adelantado Hernando de Soto, who arrived in Santiago de Cuba appointed as governor of the island, and in charge of winning Florida. For this company, in which he lost his life, "brought from Spain a strong expedition that completed here in men and various resources, completion which caused serious damage to the city, already in decline, was the issue from more impoverished and depopulated.
. Hernando de Soto
A followed in the government of Cuba graduates Juanes de Avila Davila-o-in 1544, Antonio Chaves in 1546, and Gonzalo Perez de Angulo in 1549. During these governments maintained the decline of the city, so the last of these took from office before the council Santiago and soon moved and settled in Havana, the burgeoning population of the island, which was approved by the Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo on February 3, 1553. Since then, de facto, the seat of government was established in Havana (20).
A followed in the government of Cuba graduates Juanes de Avila Davila-o-in 1544, Antonio Chaves in 1546, and Gonzalo Perez de Angulo in 1549. During these governments maintained the decline of the city, so the last of these took from office before the council Santiago and soon moved and settled in Havana, the burgeoning population of the island, which was approved by the Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo on February 3, 1553. Since then, de facto, the seat of government was established in Havana (20).
This accentuated the decline of the city throughout the second half of the sixteenth century years which is worth mentioning the appearance near Santiago's two villages. A late, about 6 miles, it appeared the Indian reservation of the Caneyes San Luis, El Caney, where according to the provisions of the Crown focused much of Aboriginal survivors, who were allowed the usufruct of the lands of the site and organized under the direction of a chief, but supervised and protected by an official of the chapter entitled "Protector of Indians.
In the copper mines and associated with the exploitation of them, appeared a new town under the name of Villa de Santiago del Prado, "The Copper-town where for years there is the legend of the appearance of Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre, deity around which developed a cult since, which came to be a historical factor that contributed to an ideological unity and identification of the population in this territory, and in this way, the feeling of belonging to the homeland. This cult has spread over time throughout Cuba, the Caribbean, and beyond, even to distant India. (21)
.
The transfer of the seat of government of Cuba to Havana, was made official in 1607, when the mother decided to reorganize the administration of the island, and by Royal Decree signed in Madrid on 8 April of that year, divided in Cuba two departments: Western and Eastern. Capital of the first and the whole country was in Havana where lay the Captain General, the highest colonial authority.
The transfer of the seat of government of Cuba to Havana, was made official in 1607, when the mother decided to reorganize the administration of the island, and by Royal Decree signed in Madrid on 8 April of that year, divided in Cuba two departments: Western and Eastern. Capital of the first and the whole country was in Havana where lay the Captain General, the highest colonial authority.
As the capital of the Eastern Department was designated Santiago de Cuba, which established the Captain to war or the Governor of the Department, reporting to the Captain General. (22) The Department extended from Baracoa to Port au Prince, and was divided into jurisdictions, which were Puerto Principe, Bayamo, Baracoa, Cuba (Santiago de). Because of its importance Copper mines were under the direction of Captain General.
.
The first governor was appointed to the department Ureta Juan Villaverde in 1608, whose government stressed to its end in 1613 by a dogged pursuit of smuggling, as well as pirates.
The first governor was appointed to the department Ureta Juan Villaverde in 1608, whose government stressed to its end in 1613 by a dogged pursuit of smuggling, as well as pirates.
Inaccuracies of the Royal Decree that divided the island, led to frequent problems between the Governor Department and Captain General as they were not clear about the responsibilities of both.
.
to the efforts of government of the Department and the city, the governor and council tax had it charged the council, called taxes themselves and a certain amount of money sent by the crown to be called situated. This set was used in paying civil servants and soldiers, arrangement and city improvements, maintenance and construction of defensive works, etc. but the captain-general sent generally poor and there were years when it was not sent, so that limited entry of new money into circulation and reduced the market and the possibility of the mighty to increase their capital.
to the efforts of government of the Department and the city, the governor and council tax had it charged the council, called taxes themselves and a certain amount of money sent by the crown to be called situated. This set was used in paying civil servants and soldiers, arrangement and city improvements, maintenance and construction of defensive works, etc. but the captain-general sent generally poor and there were years when it was not sent, so that limited entry of new money into circulation and reduced the market and the possibility of the mighty to increase their capital.
.
For most of the seventeenth century increased the activity of pirates. For example, in 1635 and 1636 the city was attacked twice, facts which prompted the crown to strengthen the defense of Santiago. Military engineer was instructed to design their defenses Antonelli, after which it was built at the entrance of the bay a small ring abalaustrado, garnished with 30 men and some artillery, which was completed in 1643 under the name of Castillo del Morro San Pedro de la Roca (23).
For most of the seventeenth century increased the activity of pirates. For example, in 1635 and 1636 the city was attacked twice, facts which prompted the crown to strengthen the defense of Santiago. Military engineer was instructed to design their defenses Antonelli, after which it was built at the entrance of the bay a small ring abalaustrado, garnished with 30 men and some artillery, which was completed in 1643 under the name of Castillo del Morro San Pedro de la Roca (23).
This XVII century stand as some governors beneficial actions of government. Pedro de la Roca and Borja, 1633-1643, not only built the Castillo del Morro, but also a public source for supplying water to the population, and a masonry building for the troop of 90 soldiers. Pedro Bayona Villanueva, 1654-1659, which favored hold the contraband trade, but above all took major military action when the English conquest of Jamaica put at grave risk to this population and to protect the nearly one thousand English colonists in Jamaica who settled in Santiago de Cuba. Bayonne
a plan of fortifications for the city that was not approved by Spain. After the attack on Santiago in 1662 by British troops from Jamaica led by Cristopher MyNS, took the city and left partially destroyed after a month of occupation, (24) The English government saw the need to worry about the defense of this place, and sent back to Bayona Villanueva as governor, provided money orders and authority, to rebuild and improve the defenses. The Castillo del Morro was rebuilt with better shape and bigger, equipped with 30 guns and 200 men in garrison. Also rose, the batteries of La Estrella, La Punta, and Santa Catalina, all in the inner bay (25).
social and cultural evolution.
English settlement with its economic characteristics, political, ideological and governmental organizations, determined the features of society that began to form in the city of Santiago de Cuba and the rural area close to her.
From the very beginning of colonization was characteristic of the rapid emergence of mestizo ethnic mix of whites, Indians and blacks, and of course, also born in this country white. The whole population of the city, "very depressed from the mediocrity of the sixteenth century, had a slow growth with periods of strong stimulus for the migration from the English (Gonaibes) of Jamaica, and the decline of Bayamo, these events occurred in the seventeenth century, at the end of which was already close to 10 000 (26).
.
economic developments and the colonial regime justified the existence of a privileged class or social sector comprising Hater-rich farmers, merchants, government officials, military leaders, and church. This privileged social group was composed of whites without exception, those whose habits of life, customs, modes of behavior, dress, talk, and socialize, very own, and that other social groups tried to emulate.
economic developments and the colonial regime justified the existence of a privileged class or social sector comprising Hater-rich farmers, merchants, government officials, military leaders, and church. This privileged social group was composed of whites without exception, those whose habits of life, customs, modes of behavior, dress, talk, and socialize, very own, and that other social groups tried to emulate.
These include consolidating and growing group of wealthy Creoles, or people of the land, that is, those born here, and land grant heirs, including which existed as an ideal based on the concept of being a citizen of the town or city, that the country was no more than this, their surroundings and their personal wealth or family (27) ideal or feeling imperceptibly began to separate the concept of citizen or subject of the metropolis.
. Parallel
existed since the mid-seventeenth century, a half-sector group or by their economic position, "built in the city mainly by traders, and in the field for a number of prosperous peasants basically dedicated to the cultivation of snuff. They could find whites and mestizos.
existed since the mid-seventeenth century, a half-sector group or by their economic position, "built in the city mainly by traders, and in the field for a number of prosperous peasants basically dedicated to the cultivation of snuff. They could find whites and mestizos.
The majority of the population was poor, including all ethnic groups and their mixtures, both in town and countryside, street vendors, workers, apprentices, porters, sailors, farm workers, tenants, etc. and of course had no social privileges, and only differed from each other by the racial factor. Among them were also people of the land or Creole.
.
In this society had an important place in number and economic weight the mass of slaves, highlighting the fact that a significant number of them acquired the status of free men, a phenomenon that characterized the composition of society and to reach an important and multiple meaning in the following centuries.
In this society had an important place in number and economic weight the mass of slaves, highlighting the fact that a significant number of them acquired the status of free men, a phenomenon that characterized the composition of society and to reach an important and multiple meaning in the following centuries.
This social conglomerate during the sixteenth and seventeenth cultural life was extremely limited. During the XVI education was limited to the work of a small school attached to the Cathedral. It served as the first Cuban master of this profession is known: the priest Miguel Velazquez (28) a half-breed son of India and English, and who said it was a wise and virtuous man. It was he, the first referring to Cuba expresses a feeling of love towards her, calling her a sad land hard on her established dominion.
already emerging in the seventeenth century some schools associated with the parish churches, where priests taught prayers, something sacred history and the first letters. The children of rich families own pastors receive from these tutorials and a more accurate statement, and some are sent to study in Spain. In this society where illiteracy prevailed, the church was the main and almost unique reservoir of knowledge.
During the seventeenth century the city grew mainly towards the south and came new places and parks associated with different parish churches. The streets were narrow and were adapted to the uneven topography. Improved architecture of public and religious buildings, and between highlighted civilian homes of governors Rock and Bartolome de Osuna. Most of the houses were very poor, simple huts. (29)
.
for religious services were used in the cathedral organ and there was a chorus of voices that offered few matins to the population during the great solemnities. The social amenities were the visits to relatives or friends, walking the Caney and San Juan, religious festivals, by actual events, or earlier this year, the latter opportunity that also performed the regular election of Mayor. On occasion the City Council authorized parties, cockfights, horse races, etc. (30).
for religious services were used in the cathedral organ and there was a chorus of voices that offered few matins to the population during the great solemnities. The social amenities were the visits to relatives or friends, walking the Caney and San Juan, religious festivals, by actual events, or earlier this year, the latter opportunity that also performed the regular election of Mayor. On occasion the City Council authorized parties, cockfights, horse races, etc. (30).
Music in the city was reduced to the work of the organists and the music chapel of the cathedral founded in 1680 by Matthias Algueza. (31) Instruments like the guitar and others, would surely farmers among the population.
only known case of a scenic piece, a comedy, performed in 1683 with a spectacular final, because they believed the city was attacked by pirates (32).
medical services were limited to the work of some religious healers. Burials occurred in churches, and only on the occasion of any important holiday is attempting a toilet at the Plaza de Armas.
He reached Santiago de Cuba, sad and forgotten, at the threshold of the eighteenth century will be defined most of its features, the features of its particular idiosyncrasies, and the outlines of his economic and social development.
.
Notes.
1 .- The main parts of the text of the letter can be found at: Leocésar Miranda Saborit: Santiago de Cuba: its foundation. In: Journal Catalog. No. 1, January-March 1993, p. 11. 2 .- Emilio Bacardi
Moreaux: Chronicles of Santiago de Cuba. Typography Arroyo Brothers, Santiago de Cuba, 1924, Volume I, p. 108.
3 .- Julio Le Riverend Brusson: Economic history of Cuba. Editorial People and Education, La Habana, 1971, pp. 116-117.
4 .- José Luciano Franco Ferrán: The runaway black Maroons. Revolutionary Guidance Department of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Cuba, Havana, 1973, p.56. 5 .- Julio Le
Riverend Brusson: Ob. Cit., Pp.76-77. 6 .- Miranda
Leocésar Saborit: Santiago de Cuba (1515-1550). Editorial Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, 1995, pp. 33-44.
7 .- Julio Le Riverend Brusson: Ob. Cit., Pp. 81-83. José Luciano Franco Ferrán: Notes for a history of legislation and colonial administration in Cuba, 1511-1800. Social Sciences Publishing House, Havana, 1985, pp. 113-114.
8 .- César García del Pino, "Corsairs, pirates and Santiago de Cuba." In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente, No. 26-27, June-September 1997, pp. 114-115.
9 .- Francisco Mata: Pirates of the Caribbean. Ediciones Casa de las Americas, Havana, 1984, pp. 14-15. Jacobo de la Pezuela and Wolf: Gazetteer, Statistical History of the Island of Cuba. [Was}, Madrid, 1863, Volume II, p.175. 10 .- Miranda
Leocésar Saborit: Ob. Cit., Pp. 22-23. Jacobo de la Pezuela and Wolf: Ob. Cit., P. 173. José María Callejas: History of Santiago de Cuba. University Press of Havana, La Habana, 1911, p. 20.
11 .- Julio Le Riverend Brusson: Ob. Cit., Pp. 77-79. 12 .- Hortensia Pichardo
: Documents for the History of Cuba. Social Sciences Publishing House, Havana, 1977, Volume I, pp.567-568.
13 .- César García del Pino: Ob. Cit., Pp. 140-141. 14 .- James
Pezuela and the Wolf: Ob. Cit., P. 10. 15 .- Hortensia Pichardo
: Ob. Cit., Pp. 549 et seq. Julio Le Riverend Brusson: Ob. Cit., Pp. 104-106.
16 .- César García del Pino: Ob. Cit., P.212. 17 .- Miranda
Leocésar Savorit: Ob. Cit., Pp. 34-35. 18 .- These
impeachments were common. Were made due to complaints received about the higher authorities and other craft, it was customary that you do these investigations each governor at the end of its mandate to verify their integrity in office. To recreate this funny and complex issue of the time, you resorted to reading the works of Miranda S. Leocésar in his Santiago de Cuba (1515-1550), cited above, pages 45 to 73. 19 .- Miranda
Leocésar Saborit: Ob. Cit., Pp. 80-86.
20 .- Francisco Mata: Ob. Cit., Pp.54-55. Section 21 .- Top
Hearts, p. 118, a Bohemia Magazine April 1957, which we could not find neither the number nor the exact date. 22 .- Hortensia Pichardo
: Ob. Cit., P. 142.
23 .- Olga Portuondo Zúñiga, "Historical Path Santiago de Cuba: 1515-1707." In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente, No. 26-27, June-September 1977, pp. 25-26.
24 .- César García del Pino: Ob. Cit., P. 143. Olga Portuondo Zúñiga: Ob. Cit., P. 27. 25 .- James
Pezuela and the Wolf: Ob. Cit., Pp. 175 and 181. Buch Ernesto Lopez: History of Santiago de Cuba. Editorial Lex, Havana, 1947, pp. 25-26. Buch
26 .- Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., Pp. 27-28.
27 .- Olga Portuondo Zúñiga: Ob. Cit., Pp. 28-29. Buch
28 .- Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., Pp. 27-29. Laureano Fuentes Matons: The Arts in Santiago de Cuba, historical notes. Editorial Letras Cubanas, La Habana, 1981, p. 294. It has been stated without proof that the son of Diego Velázquez with India. Buch
29 .- Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., Pp. 27-29.
30 .- Ibid, p. 33. 31 .- Laureano Fuentes
Matons: Ob. Cit., Pp. 120 and 194.
32 .- Ibid, pp. 25-26.
1 .- The main parts of the text of the letter can be found at: Leocésar Miranda Saborit: Santiago de Cuba: its foundation. In: Journal Catalog. No. 1, January-March 1993, p. 11. 2 .- Emilio Bacardi
Moreaux: Chronicles of Santiago de Cuba. Typography Arroyo Brothers, Santiago de Cuba, 1924, Volume I, p. 108.
3 .- Julio Le Riverend Brusson: Economic history of Cuba. Editorial People and Education, La Habana, 1971, pp. 116-117.
4 .- José Luciano Franco Ferrán: The runaway black Maroons. Revolutionary Guidance Department of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Cuba, Havana, 1973, p.56. 5 .- Julio Le
Riverend Brusson: Ob. Cit., Pp.76-77. 6 .- Miranda
Leocésar Saborit: Santiago de Cuba (1515-1550). Editorial Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, 1995, pp. 33-44.
7 .- Julio Le Riverend Brusson: Ob. Cit., Pp. 81-83. José Luciano Franco Ferrán: Notes for a history of legislation and colonial administration in Cuba, 1511-1800. Social Sciences Publishing House, Havana, 1985, pp. 113-114.
8 .- César García del Pino, "Corsairs, pirates and Santiago de Cuba." In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente, No. 26-27, June-September 1997, pp. 114-115.
9 .- Francisco Mata: Pirates of the Caribbean. Ediciones Casa de las Americas, Havana, 1984, pp. 14-15. Jacobo de la Pezuela and Wolf: Gazetteer, Statistical History of the Island of Cuba. [Was}, Madrid, 1863, Volume II, p.175. 10 .- Miranda
Leocésar Saborit: Ob. Cit., Pp. 22-23. Jacobo de la Pezuela and Wolf: Ob. Cit., P. 173. José María Callejas: History of Santiago de Cuba. University Press of Havana, La Habana, 1911, p. 20.
11 .- Julio Le Riverend Brusson: Ob. Cit., Pp. 77-79. 12 .- Hortensia Pichardo
: Documents for the History of Cuba. Social Sciences Publishing House, Havana, 1977, Volume I, pp.567-568.
13 .- César García del Pino: Ob. Cit., Pp. 140-141. 14 .- James
Pezuela and the Wolf: Ob. Cit., P. 10. 15 .- Hortensia Pichardo
: Ob. Cit., Pp. 549 et seq. Julio Le Riverend Brusson: Ob. Cit., Pp. 104-106.
16 .- César García del Pino: Ob. Cit., P.212. 17 .- Miranda
Leocésar Savorit: Ob. Cit., Pp. 34-35. 18 .- These
impeachments were common. Were made due to complaints received about the higher authorities and other craft, it was customary that you do these investigations each governor at the end of its mandate to verify their integrity in office. To recreate this funny and complex issue of the time, you resorted to reading the works of Miranda S. Leocésar in his Santiago de Cuba (1515-1550), cited above, pages 45 to 73. 19 .- Miranda
Leocésar Saborit: Ob. Cit., Pp. 80-86.
20 .- Francisco Mata: Ob. Cit., Pp.54-55. Section 21 .- Top
Hearts, p. 118, a Bohemia Magazine April 1957, which we could not find neither the number nor the exact date. 22 .- Hortensia Pichardo
: Ob. Cit., P. 142.
23 .- Olga Portuondo Zúñiga, "Historical Path Santiago de Cuba: 1515-1707." In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente, No. 26-27, June-September 1977, pp. 25-26.
24 .- César García del Pino: Ob. Cit., P. 143. Olga Portuondo Zúñiga: Ob. Cit., P. 27. 25 .- James
Pezuela and the Wolf: Ob. Cit., Pp. 175 and 181. Buch Ernesto Lopez: History of Santiago de Cuba. Editorial Lex, Havana, 1947, pp. 25-26. Buch
26 .- Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., Pp. 27-28.
27 .- Olga Portuondo Zúñiga: Ob. Cit., Pp. 28-29. Buch
28 .- Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., Pp. 27-29. Laureano Fuentes Matons: The Arts in Santiago de Cuba, historical notes. Editorial Letras Cubanas, La Habana, 1981, p. 294. It has been stated without proof that the son of Diego Velázquez with India. Buch
29 .- Ernesto Lopez: Ob. Cit., Pp. 27-29.
30 .- Ibid, p. 33. 31 .- Laureano Fuentes
Matons: Ob. Cit., Pp. 120 and 194.
32 .- Ibid, pp. 25-26.
.
BIBILIOGRAFÍA .
1 .- City of Santiago de Cuba: Ordinances of the municipality of Santiago de Cuba, 1881. Provincial Association of Architects, Santiago de Cuba, 1936. 2 .- Bacardi
Moreaux, Emilio: Chronicles of Santiago de Cuba. Typography Arroyo Brothers, Santiago de Cuba, 1924, 10 volumes. 3 .-
Bosch, Juan: From Christopher Columbus to Fidel Castro. Caribbean imperial frontier. Our collection, series Directions. Ediciones Casa de las Americas Havana, 1981
4 .- Buch López, Ernesto: History of Santiago de Cuba. Edito-rial Lex, Havana, 1947. 5 .-
Callejas, José María: History of Santiago de Cuba. Im-Prent The Universal, La Habana, 1911. 6 .-
Castellanos, Gerardo: History of Santiago de Cuba. Alfa typographical work-shops, La Habana, 1946.
7 .- State Committee on Statistics: The population and housing censuses in Cuba: Estimates, censuses and population censuses of the colonial era and the first U.S. intervention. Statistical Research Institute policies, [SL], 1988, Volume I, Volumes I and II. 8 .- Duharte
Jiménez, Rafael: Nationality and History. Editorial Orien-te, Santiago de Cuba, 1989.
9 .-: Documents for the colonial history of Cuba, XVI-XX centuries. Social Sciences Publishing House, Havana, 1988. 10 .- Chamah
F., David and Jose Diego Grullon, "History of the apparition of Our Lady of Charity." In: Album Memorial Diocesan Eucharistic Congress and coronation of the Virgin of Charity of Cobre. 1936. P. Fernandez y Cia, Santiago de Cuba, 1937. Ferrán
11 .- Franco, José Luciano: The runaway black Maroons. Department of Revolutionary Orientation of the Central Committee PCC, Havana, 1973.
12 .-: Clandestine Slave Trade. Edito-rial of Social Sciences, Havana, 1980.
13 .-: Notes for a history of legisla-tion and colonial administration in Cuba, 1511-1800. Edito-rial of Social Sciences, Havana, 1985. 14 .- Matons
Fuentes, Laureano: The Arts in Santiago de Cuba, historical notes. Editorial Letras Cubanas, La Habana, 1981.
15 .- García del Pino, César: "Privateers, Pirates and Santiago de Cuba." In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente. No.26-27, June-September 1977.
16 .- Sánchez Guerra, Ramiro: A Handbook of History of Cuba. Editorials Social Sciences, Havana, 1971.
17 .- Henríquez Ureña, Max: The Book of Santiago de Cuba; summarized descriptive historical men. Archipelago Publishing, Santia-go de Cuba, 1931.
18 .- Ibarra Cuesta, Jorge: "The great Indian uprising from 1520 to 1540 and the abolition of the parcels." In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente. No. 22, June, 1976.
19 .- Institute of Literature and Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of Cuba: Historical Profile of Letras Cubanas. Editorial Letras Cubanas. Havana, 1983. 20 .- Miranda
Saborit Leocésar: "Santiago de Cuba: their founding." In: Journal Catalog. Biblioteca Elvira Cape. No.1, year IX, January to March 1983.
21 .-: "Foundation of Santiago de Cuba." In: Journal Catalog. Biblioteca Elvira Cape. No. 3-6, Year V, May-December 1975.
22 .-: Santiago de Cuba (1515-1550). Editorial Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, 1995.
23 .- Mota, Francisco: Pirates of the Caribbean. House of the Ameri-cas, Havana, 1984. 24 .-
Morales, Salvador: Conquest and Colonization of Cuba. XVI century. Social Sciences Publishing House, Havana, 1984.
Fraginals 25 .- Moreno, Manuel, El Ingenio. Editorial of Social Sciences, Havana, 1978, 3 volumes. 26 .- Ozes
and Alzua, Joaquin: Promoting sustainable agriculture and industry in the eastern part of the island of Cuba. Report to His Majesty on 30 November 1794. Mimeographed material for the History Commission of the CPC Provincial Committee. Santiago de Cuba, [SF]
27 .-: Book containing the erection of Santa Iglesia Catedral de Santiago de Cuba. [Se], Santia-go de Cuba, 1887. 28 .- Pezuela
, Jacobo de la: Gazetteer, co statistical, historical Island of Cuba. Printing establishment of Mellado, Madrid, 1863, 3 volumes.
29 .- Pichardo, Hortensia: Documents for the History of Cuba. Publisher of the National Council of Universities, La Habana, 1964, second edition, Volume I. 30 .-
Portuondo del Prado, Fernando: The Story of Cuba. Editorial People and Education, La Habana, 1975.
31 .- Portuondo Zúñiga, Olga: "Path historic Santiago de Cuba: 1515-1707" In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente. No. 26-27, June-September 1977.
32 .- "An Indian uprising in 1758." In: Journal of the National Library José Martí. January-April 1981. 33 .-
Venegas Delgado, Hernán: Theory and method in regional history of Cuba. Editorial Capiro, Santa Clara, 1994.
Other sources.
1 .- The urban development of the city of Santiago de Cuba in the XVI - XIX. Mimeographed pamphlet written by the architect Omar López Martínez. 2 .- Collection
newspaper editor. Emilio Bacardi Museum.
3 .- Revista Bohemia. ---
BIBILIOGRAFÍA .
1 .- City of Santiago de Cuba: Ordinances of the municipality of Santiago de Cuba, 1881. Provincial Association of Architects, Santiago de Cuba, 1936. 2 .- Bacardi
Moreaux, Emilio: Chronicles of Santiago de Cuba. Typography Arroyo Brothers, Santiago de Cuba, 1924, 10 volumes. 3 .-
Bosch, Juan: From Christopher Columbus to Fidel Castro. Caribbean imperial frontier. Our collection, series Directions. Ediciones Casa de las Americas Havana, 1981
4 .- Buch López, Ernesto: History of Santiago de Cuba. Edito-rial Lex, Havana, 1947. 5 .-
Callejas, José María: History of Santiago de Cuba. Im-Prent The Universal, La Habana, 1911. 6 .-
Castellanos, Gerardo: History of Santiago de Cuba. Alfa typographical work-shops, La Habana, 1946.
7 .- State Committee on Statistics: The population and housing censuses in Cuba: Estimates, censuses and population censuses of the colonial era and the first U.S. intervention. Statistical Research Institute policies, [SL], 1988, Volume I, Volumes I and II. 8 .- Duharte
Jiménez, Rafael: Nationality and History. Editorial Orien-te, Santiago de Cuba, 1989.
9 .-: Documents for the colonial history of Cuba, XVI-XX centuries. Social Sciences Publishing House, Havana, 1988. 10 .- Chamah
F., David and Jose Diego Grullon, "History of the apparition of Our Lady of Charity." In: Album Memorial Diocesan Eucharistic Congress and coronation of the Virgin of Charity of Cobre. 1936. P. Fernandez y Cia, Santiago de Cuba, 1937. Ferrán
11 .- Franco, José Luciano: The runaway black Maroons. Department of Revolutionary Orientation of the Central Committee PCC, Havana, 1973.
12 .-: Clandestine Slave Trade. Edito-rial of Social Sciences, Havana, 1980.
13 .-: Notes for a history of legisla-tion and colonial administration in Cuba, 1511-1800. Edito-rial of Social Sciences, Havana, 1985. 14 .- Matons
Fuentes, Laureano: The Arts in Santiago de Cuba, historical notes. Editorial Letras Cubanas, La Habana, 1981.
15 .- García del Pino, César: "Privateers, Pirates and Santiago de Cuba." In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente. No.26-27, June-September 1977.
16 .- Sánchez Guerra, Ramiro: A Handbook of History of Cuba. Editorials Social Sciences, Havana, 1971.
17 .- Henríquez Ureña, Max: The Book of Santiago de Cuba; summarized descriptive historical men. Archipelago Publishing, Santia-go de Cuba, 1931.
18 .- Ibarra Cuesta, Jorge: "The great Indian uprising from 1520 to 1540 and the abolition of the parcels." In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente. No. 22, June, 1976.
19 .- Institute of Literature and Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of Cuba: Historical Profile of Letras Cubanas. Editorial Letras Cubanas. Havana, 1983. 20 .- Miranda
Saborit Leocésar: "Santiago de Cuba: their founding." In: Journal Catalog. Biblioteca Elvira Cape. No.1, year IX, January to March 1983.
21 .-: "Foundation of Santiago de Cuba." In: Journal Catalog. Biblioteca Elvira Cape. No. 3-6, Year V, May-December 1975.
22 .-: Santiago de Cuba (1515-1550). Editorial Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, 1995.
23 .- Mota, Francisco: Pirates of the Caribbean. House of the Ameri-cas, Havana, 1984. 24 .-
Morales, Salvador: Conquest and Colonization of Cuba. XVI century. Social Sciences Publishing House, Havana, 1984.
Fraginals 25 .- Moreno, Manuel, El Ingenio. Editorial of Social Sciences, Havana, 1978, 3 volumes. 26 .- Ozes
and Alzua, Joaquin: Promoting sustainable agriculture and industry in the eastern part of the island of Cuba. Report to His Majesty on 30 November 1794. Mimeographed material for the History Commission of the CPC Provincial Committee. Santiago de Cuba, [SF]
27 .-: Book containing the erection of Santa Iglesia Catedral de Santiago de Cuba. [Se], Santia-go de Cuba, 1887. 28 .- Pezuela
, Jacobo de la: Gazetteer, co statistical, historical Island of Cuba. Printing establishment of Mellado, Madrid, 1863, 3 volumes.
29 .- Pichardo, Hortensia: Documents for the History of Cuba. Publisher of the National Council of Universities, La Habana, 1964, second edition, Volume I. 30 .-
Portuondo del Prado, Fernando: The Story of Cuba. Editorial People and Education, La Habana, 1975.
31 .- Portuondo Zúñiga, Olga: "Path historic Santiago de Cuba: 1515-1707" In: Journal Santiago. Universidad de Oriente. No. 26-27, June-September 1977.
32 .- "An Indian uprising in 1758." In: Journal of the National Library José Martí. January-April 1981. 33 .-
Venegas Delgado, Hernán: Theory and method in regional history of Cuba. Editorial Capiro, Santa Clara, 1994.
Other sources.
1 .- The urban development of the city of Santiago de Cuba in the XVI - XIX. Mimeographed pamphlet written by the architect Omar López Martínez. 2 .- Collection
newspaper editor. Emilio Bacardi Museum.
3 .- Revista Bohemia. ---
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